The definition of soil health by the USDA-NRCS “soil health is the continued capacity of a soil to function as a vital, living ecosystem that sustains, plants, animals, and humans.”. If, for example, you live in the London area, the optimum planting date for your region falls between September 25 and September 30. Read a companion CropWatch article on the importance of, As part of the Soil Health Nexus Digital Cafe Series on August 26, 2020, Dr. Dwayne Beck with South Dakota State University, presents “, View a full list of why growers may benefit from adding winter wheat into the corn-soybean rotation along with a, Zuber et al. A corn-soybean rotation is common in eastern Nebraska. The key learning and outcomes from these collaborations are captured at “Field Crop News”. 5. In eastern and northern Ontario, for example, snow mould – caused by fungi that attacking snow-covered cereals – can be an issue for winter wheat that developed too much biomass early in the season. Figure 1. Lastly, be prepared to adjust! 2015. With a great deal of soybeans being planted later than normal, harvest is pushed back as well this year. In a recap of the winter wheat growing season in the province, Grain Farmers of Ontario senior agronomist Marty Vermey wrote that just as pollination was starting in the province, temperatures climbed and the rain stopped. However, Ontario research has shown a 1.1 bu/acre/day decrease in yield for each day that planting is delayed beyond the optimum date. Winter wheat is seeded in late August or early September into a shallow seedbed to allow the plant to access enough water to germinate quickly and grow for four to five weeks. “Field Crop News” is an archive of information dedicated to the production of over 8.5 million acres of field crops in Ontario and a forum for which producers, researchers and industry personnel can share information and ideas. According to Ontario’s Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, producers in Ontario planted most of their intended winter wheat acres in time for good establishment before winter. PGRs can be applied to winter wheat to reduce plant height and increase stem thickness. There are several varieties of winter wheat grown in Ontario, and wheat breeders are interested in learning more about and furthering the crop’s resistance to major diseases by developing new varieties. Starter fertilizer provides nutrients for early growth and promotes root development, ultimately improving winter survival and crop uniformity the following spring. Wheat was unknown in North America before the discovery of the new world. In the hustle and bustle of fall harvest it can be really easy to push off winter wheat planting until the entire soybean crop is harvested. Chances increase for good establishment and successful over-wintering if it can be planted in late September or early October. Figure 1: Updated Optimum Planting Date Map for Winter Wheat in Ontario. Figure 2. Ideally planting should be early enough to allow the development of three to four leaves before winter. As many farmers are getting ready to begin harvest, farmers who grow winter wheat are preparing to plant. When to Plant Red Winter Wheat. Winter wheat (usually Triticum aestivum) are strains of wheat that are planted in the autumn to germinate and develop into young plants that remain in the vegetative phase during the winter and resume growth in early spring. Classification into spring or winter wheat is common and traditionally refers to the season during which the crop is grown. Seeding depth. Now is the time for winter wheat producers to consider the risks their crops might face and pick the Production Insurance coverage that meets their … The fall can be a busy time with soybean harvest and winter wheat planting occurring simultaneously, but when it comes to winter wheat, time is money. Ontario’s 2020 winter wheat crop was still a good one, but it could have been better if not for a late turn to hotter, drier weather. Some grow the crop for bedding or feed, but Kennes says the major benefit of incorporating winter wheat into rotation is the benefits to the soil. Eastern Ontario is bucking the provincial trend, as a late soybean harvest and wet weather prevented many farmers from planting winter wheat. We’ve heard this over and over again!” Yet, many are still not giving their winter wheat crop the attention it deserves at planting. Yield Response to Starter Fertilizer – Liquid 6-24-6 (OMAFRA Publication 811: Agronomy Guide), Table 2. One soil health practice that can be challenging for most farms to adopt is a more diverse crop rotation. Fall weed control enables you to better manage herbicide resistant Canada fleabane and also provides an opportunity to control perennial and winter annual weeds. Optimum date to seed winter wheat across Ontario. Snow insulates, protecting the crown of winter wheat from the potentially lethal temperatures common to Minnesota winters. The southern area of this region may use wheat as pasture. If the weather turns dry during planting, adjust the seeding depth so that the seed is being placed into moisture. Farmers then have the option to plant spring wheat, a different variety which does not require a period of vernalization. Red winter wheat is typically sown directly into the ground in late September through the middle of October. A healthy functioning soil provides numerous local ecosystem benefits including improved water quality, flood and drought mitigation. You can opt-out at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link at the bottom of any email. Researchers also found other benefits including increased total soil nitrogen, higher potentially mineralizable N, higher nitrogen use efficiency, reduce N rates needed in corn for maximum economic return, and higher yields in corn and soybean. Attention to detail starts with planting your crop on time (Figure 1)! There are several reasons for this decline including lack of profitability, logistics, lack of a livestock enterprise, and world supply/demand, among others. While it may come as a surprise, you can acrtually plant winter wheat too early due to the increased risk of snow mould, lodging and Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). Winter wheat seeded at 1″ seeding depth (left) vs 1/2″ seeding depth (right). These seeding times are recommended to ensure winter wheat will germinate, emerge, grow to at least the three-leaf stage and then develop a good crown root system before freeze up, all of which will help to ensure overwinter survival. A Winter Wheat Works Initiative was started in 2016. It is generally not recommended to seed more than 10-14 days prior to the optimum date for your region. However, not all producers have the same business model and soil health goals. Sign up and receive the latest posts right in your inbox. 2015. This lack of attention to detail in the fall has an impact on how well the crop manages the stressors Mother Nature may throw at it and can ultimately make or break your crop. The varieties that are now grown in Ontario are thus either introductions from the Old World, or descendants of such introductions. Ontario’s five-year planting average is 869,000 acres. So what did growers who fared better than others have in common even in a year with variable moisture? Wheat grows best in 70 to 75 degree Fahrenheit ((21 to 24 degrees Celsius) weather, so you should plant your wheat when the weather is approaching that temperature (and eventually rising). The following practices can be utilized to improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil: using cover crops, having a diverse crop rotation, integrating livestock, mulching/amendments, utilizing no-till, nutrient management of the soil and ecological pest management approach. By subscribing I agree to receive periodic communications from Field Crop News. Higher seeding rates when planting is delayed will also assist with the reduced tillering that may occur before winter. 2 this year, with No. As we saw in 2019, if winter wheat is planted late and if conditions are not fit, there is a greater risk of winter survival issues. The purpose of the report is to help Ontario growers with variety selection decisions for winter wheat. A variety different from "spring wheat,” winter wheat is ideally planted in the last week of September. Winter Wheat Establishment: It’s All in the Details, on Winter Wheat Establishment: It’s All in the Details, OMAFRA Field Crop Report – September 6, 2018, Strip-Till at Canada’s Outdoor Farm Show 2018, Identifying Phosphorus Use Efficiency Traits in Winter Wheat, True Armyworm and Cereal Leaf Beetle in Cereals, Great Lakes and Maritimes Pest Monitoring Network. Adding winter wheat to a crop rotation can increase crop diversity while improving soil health and addressing other agronomic challenges producers are currently facing. Spring wheat can be planted as early as you can work the soil. Cash crop farmer Dan Caron, who farms at Port Lambton in Lambton County, got in an early crop of winter wheat this year. This in turn pushes winter wheat planting back. Prepare to plant winter wheat in the fall, approximately 6 to 8 weeks before the soil freezes, as this allows for strong root growth. The fear of learning to grow a new crop was reduced through peer learning, educational programs, a dedicated local website with resources, and working with a trusted adviser or producer who have added winter wheat into their farming practice. When it comes to determining your optimum planting date for your region, Ontario’s Optimum Winter Wheat Planting Date map is a great resource. Applying for a USDA conservation payment program. Prepare to plant winter wheat in the fall, approximately 6 to 8 weeks before the soil freezes, as this allows for strong root growth. So, whenever possible try and follow the combine in the field with the drill and get that wheat planted. 1 or No. The planting date range for that region falls between those two dates. Wheat fits into the rotation after soybeans in Ontario. For winter wheat, the physiological stage of heading (when the ear first emerges) is delayed until the plant experiences vernalization, a period of 30 to 60 days of cold winter te… Also double check that all planting equipment is in good working order well before you get to the field to avoid any further delays. Winter Wheat in Ontario . Farmers in Ontario were believed to have seeded roughly 700,000 acres of winter wheat in the fall of 2011, down from the usual one million, he said. There seems to be a trend to decrease crop diversity instead of increase it, for example, in southeast Nebraska there are far less acres and farms growing oats, winter wheat, alfalfa, and grain sorghum. 2002). Now and likely more so in the future, companies, consumers, and the entire supply chain are increasing interest to document sustainability down to the farm level. UNL web framework and quality assurance provided by the, Apply to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Give to the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Strengthening Nebraska's Agricultural Economy, Michael Sindelar - Cropping Systems Extension Educator, variety selection and resources available to growers in east and south central Nebraska, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.04.034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2015.03.012, Eastern Nebraska Growers Adding Wheat into the Rotation, Use plant diversity to increase diversity in the soil, Manage soils more by disturbing them less, Keep a live root throughout the year to feed the soil, Having both spring and fall planted crops. * indicates required. When planting later the winter wheat plant has less time available to develop roots and tillers. Crop Rotation and Tillage Effects on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Illinois, Gaudin et al. In 2007, a record 1.25 million acres of winter wheat were seeded in Ontario. Spring wheat can be planted as early as you can work the soil. Several long-term (14 & 15 years) crop rotations studies (Monmouth and Perry, Illinois and Ridgetown, Ontario) have shown including winter wheat in the rotation with corn and soybeans increases water stable aggregates, which is a very sensitive and good indicator for soil physical health (Figure 1). If planting is delayed, rates should be increased by 200,000 seeds/week to a maximum of 2.2 million seeds/acre. Long-term impact of tillage and crop rotation on soil health at four temperate agroecosystems. Ontario research has also shown that dry granular fertilizers are as effective as liquid 6-24-6 (Table 1 and 2). It is generally not recommended to seed more than 10 days prior to the optimum date for your region. Planting wheat on Sept 17 vs Sept 30 resulted in a substantial yield increase while also using a lower seeding rate. Farmers improving soil health and increasing crop diversity could negotiate and benefit financially through some of these future sustainability efforts from farm to folk. ONTARIO’S OPTIMUM WINTER WHEAT PLANTING DATE MAP. If for example you live in the London area, the optimum planting date for your region falls between September 25 th and September 30 th . However, Ontario research has shown a 1.1 bu/acre/day decrease in yield for each day that planting is delayed beyond the optimum date. Increasing seeding rates can help, to an extent, overcome this decease of growth and maintain yield potential. While it may come as a surprise, you can plant winter wheat too early due to the increased risk of snow mould, lodging and Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). The crop prevents wind and water erosion, reduces compaction in springtime, diversifies soil nutrients and lowers risk of disease buildup, and the broken-down straw is high in phosphorus. Would you believe that some growers are adding winter wheat to their rotation to improve soil health? winter wheat production was to apply a low rate of, or no N fertilizer at planting, then broadcast the required N as Ammonium Nitrate in early spring (Fowler, 2002). Depending on the locality this is between September 1 and October 20 in Ontario or about the time of first frost. Overcoming some of the economic challenges included increasing awareness of the positive basis/cash price locally and finding opportunities to sell straw. Communications Bldg.Lincoln, NE 68583-0918. When the upper layers of the soil dry out, the depth of sowing seeds on chernozems can be increased to 8 – 10 cm. Ontario’s 2020 winter wheat crop was still a good one, but it could have been better if not for a late turn to hotter, drier weather. The 2019 Ontario winter wheat crop has millers reporting excellent quality. Given the increase in unseeded acres across the province in 2019, Follings says it’s important to remember planting winter wheat too early also carries substantial risks. The crop technology team with the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), faculty at the University of Guelph and Ontario field crop producers continually work together to find ways to improve field crop production. The next four to eight weeks (October to November) allow the plant to vernalize (giving the plant the signal to flower next spring) and acclimate to the cold (harden off for the winter). Nice, dry conditions, the ground worked up nicely,” he said. According to Agricorp, just under 1 million acres of winter wheat has been planted so far in Ontario. This takes away the ‘host organism,’ for a longer period of time with a three crop rotation helping disrupt the annual life cycles of pests such as western corn rootworm, sudden death syndrome, and frogeye leaf spot. Nice, dry conditions, the ground worked up nicely,” he said. You may say to yourself “Yes, we know a good wheat crop starts with planting! ¥ Planting methods. Seed winter wheat a depth of about 1 inch, any shallower and the crop becomes more vulnerable during the winter months (Figure 2). What impact will that late planting have on yields and emergence? Hard Red Winter used to occupy up to 18 percent of wheat acres in the province, but that number has dropped to an estimated 7 per cent in recent years and Ontario mills — including P&H and ADM — have taken notice. “It went perfectly. There are several varieties of winter wheat grown in Ontario, and wheat breeders are interested in learning more about and furthering the crop’s resistance to major diseases by developing new varieties. With new plant growth regulators (PGRs) entering the Ontario market, many are asking, when and where should a PGR be used? Attaining a consistent seed depth is important in order to increase the probability of … Plant winter wheat roughly one inch (2.5 centimetres) deep to prevent the crop from being subject to harsh winter conditions. Ontario winter wheat producers recently completed their 2017 harvest and are preparing for the 2018 planting season. Several long-term (14 & 15 years) crop rotations studies (Monmouth and Perry, Illinois and Ridgetown, Ontario) have shown including winter wheat in the rotation with corn and soybeans increases water stable aggregates, which is a very sensitive and good indicator for soil physical health (Figure 1). Cash crop farmer Dan Caron, who farms at Port Lambton in Lambton County, got in an early crop of winter wheat this year. To retain snow during the winter, directly seed winter wheat into standing crop stubble. The 2018 growing season had its challenges with a cool, wet spring followed by hot, dry weather during the critical grain fill period. Many other species of plants undergo vernalization, including a variety of fruit tree species and annual and biennial flowering plants. "They've decided there isn't enough wheat … But just how late is too late when it comes to planting winter wheat in Ontario? On chernozem soils and in arid regions, seeds of winter wheat are planted to a depth of 5 – 6 cm. Next, ensure you are using a starter fertilizer. The closer you are to one line means the optimum planting date is closer to that end of the range. Several long-term (14 & 15 years) crop rotations studies (Monmouth and Perry, Illinois and Ridgetown, Ontario) have shown including winter wheat in the rotation with corn and soybeans increases water stable aggregates, which is a very sensitive and good indicator for soil physical health (Figure 1). Consider the move to fall weed control! Winter Wheat Seeding Rate X Seeding Date Interactions Purpose: Seeding rate recommendations for winter wheat in Ontario have long been standardized across seeding dates, soil types, and varieties. Although winter wheat is quite competitive, weed pressure can have an impact on tillering, ultimately reducing yields. FIGURE 1. OMAFRA Publications 811: Agronomy Guide. Logistical hurdles of only having one or two fields was solved by finding another operator to custom drill and harvest the wheat crop or starting a new custom drilling business themselves. Planting was about two weeks early this year, thanks to an early bean harvest. One of the big stories in the Canadian wheat industry this year has been re-emerging demand for Hard Red Winter (HRW) wheat in Ontario. Seeding rates should also be adjusted if seeding is delayed beyond the optimum timing. Rates should be increased by 200,000 seeds/week to a maximum of 2.2 million seeds/acre. Winter wheat production for New York is forecasted at 7.43 million bushels, up 24 percent from the 2014 crop. Looking at some of these challenges, let’s address how farmers could overcome some of these barriers. These aspects of soil health were increased by adding wheat into the rotation regardless of the tillage system (conventional or no-till). Many other species of plants undergo vernalization, including a variety of fruit tree species and annual and biennial flowering plants. –Excess N at planting thought to decrease winter survival –Strategy to apply N in the spring to avoid over winter … All past data and the 2018 performance trial data can be found within their 2018 Ontario Winter Wheat Performance Trials report. Optimal seeding rates are also important in winter wheat production (Geleta et al. Adding winter wheat to a crop rotation comes with some economic challenges and logistical hurdles such as planting and harvesting only one or two fields of wheat and the learning curve that comes with growing a new crop. Winter wheat (usually Triticum aestivum) are strains of wheat that are planted in the autumn to germinate and develop into young plants that remain in the vegetative phase during the winter and resume growth in early spring. Ontario’s five-year planting average is 869,000 acres. Seed-placed starter fertilizer has be shown to increase yields, on average, by 7.5 bushels per acre. Wheat improves nitrogen use efficiency of maize and soybean-based cropping systems, Congreves et al. As we saw with the 2019 winter wheat crop, if winter wheat is planted late and if conditions are not fit, there is a greater risk of winter survival issues. 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